A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1978, Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya sanya hannu kan wata doka cewa sanyawa kwanaki bakwai na farko na watan Mayu a matsayin makon tarihin al'adun Asiya na Pasifik, don amincewa da baƙi Japan na farko na Amurka da baƙi na China waɗanda suka taimaka wajen gina layin dogo.
Sanarwar ta zo ne shekara guda bayan da wakilan Amurka Frank Horton na New York da Norman Y. Mineta na California, tare da Sanata Daniel K. Inouye da Spark Matsunaga na Hawaii suka gabatar da wasu kudurorin hadin gwiwa daban-daban da suka kasa zartarwa.
A cikin 1992, a karkashin Shugaba George H.W. Gwamnatin Bush, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta ƙare wata doka wanda ya tsawaita bikin na tsawon mako zuwa wata daya. A gaskiya, matakin ya makara.
Kamar yadda Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Amirka ta Japan bayanin kula, zuwan mutanen Asiya na farko a tsakiyar Amurka ta Arewa, a zahiri, ya kasance kafin kafuwar Amurka A ƙarshen karni na 18, mazaunan Asiya na farko sun kasance bakin haure na Filipina - waɗanda suka isa New Orleans da Acapulco, Mexico don tserewa. Mulkin mallaka na Spain. Daga baya Sinawa sun bi manyan igiyoyin ruwa a tsakiyar karni na 19, don neman zinari da sauran arziki a California.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, Amurkawa Asiyawa sun jimre da kyamar baki da wariyar launin fata - daga An kashe jama'ar kasar Sin a shekarar 1871 ku wuce gona da iri na nuna mutanen Kudancin Asiya a matsayin 'yan ta'adda - ba tare da an yaba musu da gudunmawar da suka bayar ba. Ban da wasu layukan da aka sadaukar don Ma'aikatan kasar Sin 20,000 da suka yi aikin layin dogo da ke ratsa nahiyoyi , An shafe Amurkawa Asiyawa daga littattafan tarihin da aka yi amfani da su a makarantun firamare da sakandare, kamar yadda Ellen Lee ta Pacific Standard ta ya nuna .
A ƙoƙarin wayar da kan jama'a, mun tattara jerin gudummawar da ba a yarda da su ba 10 waɗanda Asiyawa da Amurkawa na Asiya suka bayar a cikin Amurka cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata.
1. Haihuwar dan kasa
A cikin 1898, Kotun Koli ta Amurka mulki cewa yaran da aka haifa a Amurka ga baki 'yan kasar Amurka ne. An yanke shawarar ne bayan an kwashe shekara guda ana gwabzawa tsakanin Wong Kim Ark - wanda aka haifa a San Francisco ga bakin haure 'yan China - da kuma ma'aikatar shari'a ta Amurka.
A lokacin, dokar keɓancewa ta kasar Sin, wadda aka zartar a shekarar 1885, kuma ta hana dukkan ma'aikatan Sin zama dan kasa, har yanzu tana nan. Wannan yana nufin iyayen Wong, waɗanda ake la'akari da su 'yan asalin Sarkin China, ba za su iya zama ɗan adam ba.
Kotun Koli ta Amurka
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A cikin muhawarar da ta yi a gaban babban kotun, ma'aikatar shari'a ta yi ikirarin cewa shi kansa Wong ba ya karkashin halalcin ikon California saboda saboda launin fata, harshe, launi da suturar sa, dan kasar Sin ne, kuma yanzu ya zama, kuma ga wasu. lokacin da ya gabata ya kasance, ma'aikaci ta hanyar sana'a. Ta wannan kwatancin, da alama ba a yarda Wong ya koma Amurka daga China ba bayan gajeriyar tafiya, ko da yake an haife shi a ƙasar Amurka.
A martanin da ya mayar, Wong ya shigar da takardar habeas corpus, kuma a karshe Kotun Koli ta goyi bayansa. A cikin hukunci mafi rinjaye na 6-2, Mai shari'a Horace Gray, wanda ya rubuta a madadin kotun, ya nuna cewa Maganar zama dan kasa a cikin Kwaskwarima na goma sha hudu na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ya sanya Wong zama dan kasa kai tsaye. A yau, masu fafutuka sun yi ya kawo alamar yanke shawara a cikin sukar da suke yi na yunkurin Trump na hana 'ya'yan bakin haure ba su da takardun zama dan kasa.
2. Bayan Yaƙi, Sabon Tsarin Mulki da Gine-gine na zamani
Wasu daga cikin fitattun gine-ginen al'umma - daga ɗakin karatu na tunawa da John F. Kennedy zuwa ɗakin ajiyar daraja na Rock & Roll Hall of Fame and Museum - wani Ba'amurke ɗan ƙasar China I.M. Pei ne ya tsara shi, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan gine-ginen zamani tare da Frank Lloyd. Wright, Philip Johnson da kuma Frank Gehry.
abubuwan da za ku gaya wa saurayin ku don kunna shi
Pei, wanda ya shahara ya kera dala a Louvre a birnin Paris amma da farko sun fuskanci koma baya saboda zabar kamfanonin Faransa , Ya bar baya da gado wanda ya haɗu da babban ƙira da nasarar kamfanoni tare da tasirin duniya, a cewar masanin gine-gine Carter Wiseman . Wasu daga cikin manyan gine-ginen gine-ginen sun haɗa da Ginin Gabas na National Gallery of Art a Washington, D.C., Mesa Laboratory a Colorado da Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art a New York.
John F. Kennedy Library na I.M. Pei
Credit: Hotunan Getty
Pei, duk da haka, ba shine kawai masanin Amurkan Asiya da ya bar alamarsa ba. Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Sinawa na Amurka kamar Eugene Choy, Gilbert Leong, Gin Wong da Helen Liu Fong sun taka rawa wajen tsarawa. birnin Los Angeles a zamanin bayan yakin. A New York, Minoru Yamasaki Ba'amurke ɗan Jafanawa, ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun tsarin gine-ginen da ake kira New Formalism, an fi saninsa da zayyana ainihin Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya.
3. Ci gaban gano cutar daji
Tun lokacin da ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka daga Vietnam a cikin 1975, Dokta Tuan Vo-Dinh, farfesa na injiniyan halittu a Makarantar Injiniya ta Jami'ar Duke Pratt, ya gina kansa mai ban sha'awa. Baya ga rubuta fiye da 200 wallafe-wallafe a cikin mujallolin kimiyya da aka yi bitar takwarorinsu da kuma karɓar kyaututtuka sama da 20, girmamawa da banbance-banbance, Dr. Vo-Dinh kuma yana riƙe da haƙƙin mallaka fiye da 20 na Amurka, bisa ga bayanin. Ofishin Lantarki da Alamar kasuwanci ta Amurka .
Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan haƙƙin mallaka shine haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin binciken kwayoyin halitta wanda zai iya gano kansa da wuri fiye da yadda aka saba . Dokta Vo-Dinh ta sauran haƙƙin mallaka sun haɗa da sabuwar hanyar maganin mafitsara da ciwon nono kuma wani kuma wanda ke kaiwa ga cutar da yaduwar kwayar halitta .
4. Shafukan yanar gizo, imel da raba bidiyo
Yiwuwar ba za ku iya bincika mafi kyawun abu ko duba imel ɗinku ba idan ba na majagaba na Asiya da yawa ba. A cikin 1994, Ba'amurke ɗan Taiwan Jerry Yang ya kafa tashar yanar gizon Yahoo! tare da David Filo, bayan kammala karatun digiri na uku a Jami'ar Stanford.
Asalin sunan Jerry da David's Guide to the World Wide Web, portal ɗin an sake masa suna Yahoo!, ƙaƙƙarfan ma'anar Har yanzu Wani Babban Jami'in Oracle. An haɗa shi a cikin 1995 kuma daga baya aka sayar da shi zuwa Verizon Communications a cikin 2016, tashar yanar gizon ta fadada ayyukanta don haɗa da injin bincike, imel da labarai. Yahoo Mail, shi kadai, yanzu yana da fiye da masu amfani da miliyan 200.
Wanda ya kafa Yahoo Jerry Yang
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Yang ba shine kawai Ba'amurke ɗan Asiya da ya sami nasara a cikin masana'antar fasaha ba. A cikin 1996, ɗan kasuwa Ba'amurke ɗan Indiya Sabeer Bhatia ya kafa Windows Live Hotmail, sabis ɗin saƙon gidan yanar gizo. Bayan shekaru da yawa, Microsoft samu shi na kusan dala miliyan 400 kuma ya juya zuwa abin da ke yanzu Microsoft Outlook.
A shekara ta 2005, Ba'amurke ɗan Taiwan Steven Chen, tare da Ba'amurke ɗan ƙasar Bangladesh Jawed Karim da ɗan ƙasar Pennsylvania Chad Hurley, sun kafa sanannen dandalin raba bidiyo na YouTube. A yau, sabis na mallakar Google yana da 2 biliyan masu amfani a duk duniya.
5. Hakkoki ga wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafi
A cikin 2013, Amanda Nguyen, 'yar 'yan gudun hijirar Vietnam, an yi mata fyade yayin da take karatu a Jami'ar Harvard. Yayin da take ƙoƙarin samun bayanai game da haƙƙoƙinta a matsayin wadda ta tsira daga cin zarafi, dalibar kwalejin a lokacin ta shiga cikin manyan shingaye. A lokacin, har yanzu Nguyen na biyan wasu makudan kudade duk bayan wata shida don tabbatar da cewa ba a lalata kayan aikinta na fyade ba, duk da cewa ya kamata a ajiye kayan fyade a Massachusetts na tsawon shekaru 15, a cewar Mujallar kudi .
mafi kyawun abin rufe fuska na gida don lalacewa gashi
Amanda Nguyen
Credit: Hotunan Getty
Wannan ƙalubalen ya sa Nguyen ya samu Tashi , Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke tallafawa ƴan uwan waɗanda suka tsira daga lalata, da kuma rubuta Dokar Haƙƙin Masu Ci Gaba Da Jima'i . Kudirin dokar, wanda aka zartar a shekarar 2016, ya bai wa wadanda suka tsira da ransu damar yin gwajin lafiya ba tare da tsada ba, kuma ya ba su damar adana kayan aikinsu na fyade ba tare da neman tsawaitawa akai-akai ba. Don aikinta, an zabi Nguyen don lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a cikin 2018.
6. Mixed Martial Arts
Shaharar haɗaɗɗen zane-zanen martial a cikin Amurka ya girma sosai saboda kamfanonin talla na MMA Bellator kuma UFC . Amma da yawa a ko'ina suna ba da tabbacin haihuwar wasan yaƙin tuntuɓar ba kowa ba face Bruce Lee , ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Hong Kong Ba'amurke, gauraye mai fasaha da falsafa wanda, a cikin 1965, ya ƙirƙira Jeet Kune Do - wani nau'i na fasaha na martial wanda ya haɗa kung fu, wasan wasa, wasan dambe da dabarunsa.
Yi amfani da abin da ke aiki kawai, kuma ɗauka daga duk inda za ku same shi, Lee ya taɓa faɗi.
Ko da yake Lee bai taɓa shiga cikin ƙwararrun yaƙe-yaƙe ba, ya horar da manyan mashahurai da dama, ciki har da Steve McQueen, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar da Chuck Norris. Ya kuma shahara da bajintar sa, tun daga wasan turawa da yatsa biyu zuwa aiwatar da fitaccen naushinsa na inci daya. A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, an fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a cikin Shigar Dragon, Fist of Fury, Komawar Dragon, Wasan Mutuwa da The Green Hornet.
7. Fashion
Wasu daga cikin fitattun masu zanen kaya waɗanda suka taimaka ƙirƙirar masana'antar kayan kwalliya ta New York a cikin 1980s da 1990s. Asiya Amurka : Anna Sui, Vivienne Tam, Vera Wang da Kimora Lee Simmons. Wang, alal misali, ta kafa kanta a sahun gaba na suturar amarya tare da ƙirarta na zamani amma masu kyan gani, yayin da Simmons ta yi sanarwa cikin rigar titi tare da tambarin kayanta na Baby Phat.
Bibhu Mohapatra
Credit: Hotunan Getty
A yau, yawan fitattun masu zanen kaya na Asiya na Amurka sun girma har sun haɗa da irin su Prabal Gurung, Phillip Lim , Jason Wu, Derek Lam, Bibhu Mohapatra, Dao-Yi Chow, Alexander Wang, Carol Lim da Humberto Leon. Kamar yadda New York Times ban sha'awa bayanin kula, kasancewar su a cikin (da rinjaye) masana'antar shine mafi kusantar saboda gaskiyar cewa salon yana darajar manufar gabatarwa. A wasu kalmomi, yawancin jama'ar Asiya na iya ganin ƙira a matsayin hanyar haɗi zuwa dabi'un al'adu na sana'a da kuma amfani da kayan alatu wanda ya zama tarihi a kasashen Gabas da Kudancin Asiya.
8. Ayyukan aiki na gaskiya ga manoma
A ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1965, ma'aikatan innabi Ba'amurke 'yan Philippines sun shirya yajin aikin ba tare da tashin hankali ba (tare da Cesar Chavez da ƙungiyar ma'aikatan gona ta Latino, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Gona ta Ƙasa) akan tebur da masu noman inabi a Delano, Kalifa. Ya wakilci karon farko da aka yi amfani da kauracewa a cikin wata babbar takaddamar aiki. Hakanan ya haifar da haɗewar ƙungiyar Cesar da Kwamitin Tsara Ma'aikatan Aikin Gona na Filipino, waɗanda tare suka zama sanannun sunan. United Farm Workers .
A cikin tsawon shekaru biyar, mambobin kungiyar sun isar da sakonsu ga ’yan uwa talakawa ma’aikatan gona da matsakaitan iyalai da ke zaune a birane. A cikin 1970, masu noman inabi a ƙarshe sun yarda da buƙatun ƙungiyar, suna yi wa ma'aikata alkawarin mafi kyawun albashi, fa'idodi da kariya. Ya zuwa yanzu, United Farm Workers tana da mambobi sama da 10,000, wanda ya mai da ita babbar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan gona a ƙasar.
9. Juyin Halittar Abincin Amurka
A cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata, abincin Asiya ya zama ainihin rayuwar abincin Amurka. Kamar yadda Mujallar Salon New York Times ya yi nuni da cewa, sha’awar ƙasar da abincin Asiya ta samo asali ne tun a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, lokacin da gidajen cin abinci na Cantonese suka yi nasara a birnin New York. A lokacin, abincin yana da arha kuma cikin sauri ana shirya shi, abin da ya sa ya fi jan hankali ga abokan cinikin da ba 'yan China ba.
A cikin shekarun da suka wuce, masu dafa abinci na kasar Sin sun yi amfani da farin jinin abincinsu ta hanyar kerawa da kayan abinci na yammacin duniya. A yau, biyu daga cikin manyan sarƙoƙin gidajen abinci a Amurka suna hidimar abincin Amurka da Sinawa: PF. Chang's China Bistro da Panda Express.
Sauran nau'ikan abincin Asiya na Amurka na zamani sun ga rabonsu na nasara. A shekara ta 2004, wani mai dafa abinci ɗan ƙasar Koriya ta Amirka David Chang, alal misali, ya buɗe shagon sayar da ramen na Momofuku Noodle Bar a birnin New York. New York Times sukar da kyar ake kira lu'u-lu'u mai katanga mai katanga a cikin m. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, wani Ba’amurke Ba’amurke Roy Choi ya kafa Kogi, wani kamfanin sarrafa barbecue taco a California wanda tun daga lokacin ya koma. daular abinci .
10. Gishiri na ice cream
Ko da yake an yi la'akari da ƙirƙirar mazugi na ice cream ga Baƙin Italiya Italo Marchiony, mai ba da izini na Siriya Ernest A. Hamwi ya kasance mai yiwuwa. farkon wanda ya shahara . Yayin da yake aiki a 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, Hamwi ya lura da wani mai sayar da ice cream wanda ya ƙare da jita-jita don hidimar kayan zaki. Baturen, wanda ke siyar da kayan abinci irin na waffle da ake kira zalabia, ya yanke shawarar taimaka wa mai siyar ta hanyar naɗa waffle ɗinsa don amfani da su azaman mazugi.
Ice cream cones
Credit: Hotunan Getty
Mazugi na waffle nan da nan ya zama babbar nasara a Missouri, inda ƴan kasuwa da yawa suka fara kasuwancin nasu ice cream. A cikin 1910, Hamwi da kansa ya kafa kamfanin Missouri Cone, wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Western Cone Company.
Idan kuna jin daɗin wannan labarin, kuna iya karantawa me yasa kasancewar Ba'amurke ɗan Asiya a wannan lokacin ya zama albarka ga marubuci ɗaya.
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